"Garbage In, Garbage Out"
Police lacking high-quality images train algorithms on forensic sketches, ‘proxy images’ from artist renderings, or images of celebrity look-alikes.
Georgetown Law Center on Privacy and Technology | May 16, 2019
Palantir's Secret Predictive Policing
Palantir has secretly been using social network analysis in New Orleans, testing it's predictive policing technology.
The Verge | Feb 27, 2018
“The Boogaloo Movement is Not What You Think"
Investigation into the social media posts of Boogaloo groups, especially on 4chan and Facebook.
Bellingcat | May 27, 2020
Face recognition fails '96% of the time'
Detroit Police Chief explains that facial-recognition software used by police is extremely inaccurate.
Insider | June 30, 2020
The Boogaloo Movement
Research on the origins, ideology, social media presence, and real world activity of the Boogaloo Movement.
Anti-Defamation League
Police Use of Celebrity Photos
NYPD uses “celebrity comparison“ techniques to “brute force” facial recognition searches when they don’t have good images.
Vice News | May 16, 2019
"Amazon face recognition falsely matches 28 lawmakers with mugshots"
ACLU used Amazon's low, out-of-the-box 80% accuracy threshold.
The Guardian | July 28, 2016
“The 'boogaloo' 'movement,' explained”
Boogaloo Bois are “an emerging incarnation of extremism that seems to defy easy categorization.”
Vox | June 8, 2020
Small decisions impact data analytics
Decisions made when automating data mining and analysis impacts findings. The accuracy and validity of big data is difficult, if not impossible, to assess.
Big Data & Society | December 1, 2015
“The Making of a Boogaloo Boi”
Short documentary about the Boogaloo Bois, focusing on Mike Dunn.
Vice News | August 6, 2020
"Criminal Network Analysis inside Law Enforcement"
Social network analysis techniques used by police represent social networks static and hierarchical, even when they aren't.
International Journal of Police Science & Management | December 1, 2013
"From Black Panthers to Boogaloo Bois"
Boogaloo Bois, Black Lives Matter 757 Militia, and Black Panthers gather for Lobby Day gun rights rally in Virginia.
LA Times | January 18, 2021
Face Surveillance
Top news and legal advocacy work done by the Electronic Privacy Information Center, including supporting a ban on facial recognition.
Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC)
IBM i2 Analyst's Notebook Social Network Analysis
IBM whitepaper about i2 Analyst's Notebook, explaining the measures used in social network analysis.
IBM Software | October, 2012
Facial recognition in police hands
Hundreds of law enforcement agencies use Clearview AI’s facial recognition, which is problematic in light of EU privacy and data protection.
New Journal of European Criminal Law | August 13, 2020
Fitting the description
Facial recognition technologies are predicated on human prejudicial biases, which must be interrogated prior to any innovation.
Journal of Responsible Innovation | October 18, 2020
NYPD Surveillance Technology
An overview of the NYPD’s surveillance technology and potential impacts of these tools.
Brennan Center for Justice | October 7, 2019
IBM Lets Police Search by Skin Color
IBM used secret access to NYPD camera footage to create search features allowing police to search footage for people by hair color, facial hair, and skin tone.
The Intercept | September 6, 2018
Police Surveillance Machines
Police are customers in the tech market with limited options, little guidance about requesting desirable design features, and few incentives to establish guidelines about their use.
Law and Political Economy | July 23, 2018
Using social network analysis to study crime
Criminal justice record data, used in social network analysis, may include errors, both intentional (e.g. aliases, false information) and unintentional (e.g. transcription errors), including missing data.
Social Networks | July 2021
Police Use of Social Media and Social Network Analysis
Police frequently use social network analysis to monitor social media. Training and tools have yet to be tailored for law enforcement.
RAND Corporation | 2018